8+ Mighty Miss Malone Book Reviews & Study Guide


8+ Mighty Miss Malone Book Reviews & Study Guide

This 1933 novel by Christopher Morley tells the story of Deirdre “Dudie” Malone, a younger girl navigating the hardships of the Nice Melancholy in Brooklyn, New York. Dudie, with unwavering optimism and resourcefulness, strives to maintain her household afloat amidst monetary struggles and societal upheaval. The narrative showcases themes of resilience, household bonds, and the indomitable human spirit throughout difficult instances.

Morley’s work gives a poignant glimpse into a selected interval of American historical past, capturing the on a regular basis realities of these affected by financial hardship. The protagonist’s dedication and unwavering love for her household resonate with readers, providing a timeless message of hope and perseverance. Its enduring attraction lies in its relatable characters and its portrayal of the energy of the human spirit. The novel serves as a priceless historic report and a testomony to the enduring energy of household and neighborhood.

Additional exploration may delve into particular themes current within the narrative, such because the impression of the Melancholy on households, the position of gender throughout this era, and the literary methods Morley employs to convey these complicated points. An evaluation of the novel’s essential reception and its lasting legacy inside American literature would additionally present priceless insights.

1. Nice Melancholy Setting

The Nice Melancholy serves as greater than mere backdrop in The Mighty Miss Malone; it’s a driving power shaping the narrative and characters. The financial collapse permeates each facet of the Malone household’s life, from their precarious monetary scenario to the pervasive social environment of hardship and uncertainty. This setting immediately influences Dudie’s actions, motivating her unwavering dedication to safe her household’s well-being. The shortage of jobs, the fixed menace of eviction, and the prevalence of poverty inside their neighborhood usually are not summary ideas; they’re tangible realities that Dudie confronts each day.

Actual-life examples of households going through related hardships throughout the Melancholy resonate with the Malone household’s experiences. Shantytowns, often known as “Hoovervilles,” sprung up throughout the nation, housing these displaced by financial misfortune. Breadlines and soup kitchens grew to become important lifelines for a lot of. These historic realities underscore the authenticity of the novel’s portrayal of the period and amplify the challenges confronted by Dudie and her household. The setting is just not merely a time and place; it’s a character in itself, influencing the plot, shaping character improvement, and contributing to the story’s general impression.

Understanding the pervasive affect of the Nice Melancholy is essential for appreciating the novel’s depth. It gives context for Dudie’s resilience and resourcefulness, highlighting the extraordinary lengths abnormal folks went to throughout instances of disaster. The setting reinforces the significance of household and neighborhood assist, showcasing how people relied on one another to navigate the challenges of the period. By understanding the historic context, readers acquire a deeper appreciation for the sacrifices and triumphs depicted within the narrative, and the novel’s message of hope resonates extra powerfully.

2. Brooklyn, New York

Brooklyn, New York, serves because the backdrop for the narrative, shaping the experiences and alternatives out there to the characters in The Mighty Miss Malone. Greater than only a setting, Brooklyn features as a microcosm of the social and financial realities of the Nice Melancholy, profoundly influencing the Malone household’s struggles and resilience.

  • Cultural Range

    Brooklyn within the Nineteen Thirties was a melting pot of cultures, a attribute mirrored within the novel’s depiction of various communities and their interactions. This range contributes to the wealthy tapestry of the narrative, providing glimpses into the various experiences of people navigating the Melancholy. Whereas the novel focuses on the Malone household’s Irish-American expertise, the presence of different ethnic and cultural teams underscores the common impression of the financial disaster.

  • Financial Hardship

    The financial downturn of the Nice Melancholy hit Brooklyn notably arduous, impacting industries and households throughout the borough. The novel vividly portrays the widespread unemployment, poverty, and breadlines that grew to become commonplace throughout this era. This financial actuality immediately influences the Malone household’s precarious monetary scenario, motivating Dudie’s relentless efforts to safe their well-being.

  • Shut-Knit Communities

    Regardless of the widespread hardship, Brooklyn’s close-knit communities offered important assist networks throughout the Melancholy. Neighbors usually relied on one another for help, sharing sources and providing emotional assist. This sense of neighborhood is clear within the novel, highlighting the significance of human connection throughout instances of disaster. The Malone household’s interactions with their neighbors showcase the energy and resilience fostered inside these tightly sure communities.

  • City Panorama

    The city panorama of Nineteen Thirties Brooklyn, with its bustling streets, crowded tenements, and vibrant neighborhoods, is integral to the novel’s environment. This setting contrasts sharply with the agricultural landscapes usually depicted in different Melancholy-era narratives, providing a singular perspective on the city expertise of the interval. The sights, sounds, and rhythms of Brooklyn turn into interwoven with the Malone household’s story, including depth and authenticity to their experiences.

These sides of Brooklyn life throughout the Melancholy contribute considerably to the novel’s realism and emotional resonance. The setting gives a tangible context for the challenges confronted by the Malone household and underscores the resilience of people and communities throughout an period of profound financial and social upheaval. The precise particulars of Brooklyn’s cultural range, financial realities, neighborhood dynamics, and concrete panorama weave collectively to type a strong backdrop in opposition to which the Malone household’s story unfolds, enriching the narrative and offering priceless insights right into a pivotal interval in American historical past.

3. Resourceful Protagonist

Dudie Malones resourcefulness types the crux of The Mighty Miss Malone. Her character embodies the resilience and ingenuity required to navigate the challenges of the Nice Melancholy. Analyzing her resourcefulness gives key insights into the novel’s themes of household, perseverance, and the energy of the human spirit within the face of adversity.

  • Initiative and Drawback-Fixing

    Dudie constantly demonstrates initiative, actively looking for options fairly than passively accepting hardship. She takes on numerous jobs, from promoting newspapers to working in a laundry, showcasing a proactive strategy to overcoming monetary obstacles. This mirrors the real-life experiences of many people throughout the Melancholy who sought inventive technique of supporting their households. Her problem-solving abilities are evident in her potential to adapt to altering circumstances and make tough selections for the betterment of her household.

  • Unwavering Optimism

    Regardless of going through quite a few setbacks, Dudie maintains a remarkably optimistic outlook. This unwavering hope fuels her resourcefulness, permitting her to persevere even when prospects seem bleak. Her optimism serves as a supply of energy not just for herself but in addition for her household. This optimistic angle displays a typical coping mechanism employed by people throughout instances of adversity, highlighting the ability of hope in overcoming difficult circumstances.

  • Sensible Expertise and Ingenuity

    Dudie possesses a variety of sensible abilities, from cooking and stitching to managing family funds, that show invaluable throughout the Melancholy. Her ingenuity is clear in her potential to profit from restricted sources, stretching meager meals and discovering inventive methods to fix garments. These sensible abilities, widespread amongst people of the period, turn into important survival instruments within the face of financial hardship, showcasing the significance of self-sufficiency throughout instances of disaster.

  • Fierce Loyalty and Protectiveness

    Dudies resourcefulness stems from a deep love and loyalty to her household. Her fierce protectiveness motivates her to go to extraordinary lengths to make sure their well-being, even when it means making private sacrifices. This unwavering dedication to her household underscores the novel’s emphasis on the significance of familial bonds throughout instances of adversity. Her actions spotlight the lengths people would go to guard and supply for his or her family members throughout difficult instances.

Dudies resourcefulness is just not merely a personality trait; it’s a highly effective image of human resilience throughout instances of profound hardship. Her actions illuminate the novels broader themes of hope, perseverance, and the enduring energy of household and neighborhood. By exploring her character, readers acquire a deeper understanding of the struggles and triumphs of people navigating the challenges of the Nice Melancholy. Her story serves as each a historic report and a timeless testomony to the indomitable human spirit.

4. Household Bonds

Household bonds represent a central theme in The Mighty Miss Malone, profoundly influencing the characters’ actions and motivations. Exploring these bonds reveals insights into the dynamics of household relationships throughout instances of adversity and underscores the significance of affection, loyalty, and resilience throughout the household unit amidst the challenges of the Nice Melancholy.

  • Sacrifice and Help

    The Malone relations constantly exhibit a willingness to sacrifice particular person wants for the collective good. Dudie’s tireless efforts to safe employment and supply for her household exemplify this spirit of sacrifice. Her dad and mom, regardless of their very own struggles, provide unwavering emotional assist and steerage. This reciprocal assist community mirrors the experiences of many households throughout the Melancholy, highlighting the essential position of shared sacrifice in navigating tough instances.

  • Shared Experiences and Resilience

    The shared expertise of navigating the Melancholy strengthens the Malone household’s bond. Going through adversity collectively fosters a way of unity and resilience. They draw energy from one another, celebrating small victories and providing consolation throughout setbacks. This shared resilience echoes the historic actuality of households counting on one another for emotional and sensible assist throughout instances of widespread hardship.

  • Intergenerational Relationships

    The novel portrays the complexities of intergenerational relationships throughout the household. The dynamics between Dudie and her dad and mom, in addition to her youthful brother, reveal the challenges and rewards of navigating familial roles throughout instances of stress. Dudie’s maturity and accountability distinction together with her brother’s youthful innocence, highlighting the various impacts of the Melancholy on totally different age teams throughout the household unit.

  • Love and Loyalty

    Regardless of going through quite a few challenges, the Malone household’s love and loyalty stay unwavering. Their dedication to at least one one other serves as a relentless supply of energy and motivation. Dudie’s fierce protectiveness of her household underscores this deep bond. This enduring love gives a way of hope and stability amidst the uncertainty and hardship of the period, reinforcing the significance of familial connection as a supply of energy throughout difficult instances.

The portrayal of household bonds in The Mighty Miss Malone presents a poignant exploration of the complexities and strengths of household relationships throughout instances of adversity. The novel demonstrates how shared experiences, mutual assist, and unwavering love can foster resilience and supply a way of hope amidst difficult circumstances. By exploring these dynamics, the narrative underscores the enduring significance of household as a supply of energy and stability throughout instances of profound social and financial upheaval, providing a timeless message of the ability of human connection within the face of adversity.

5. Resilience and Hope

The Mighty Miss Malone intimately explores the themes of resilience and hope amidst the cruel realities of the Nice Melancholy. These intertwined ideas turn into essential for the Malone household’s survival and inform Dudie’s character arc, providing a strong message concerning the human spirit’s capability to endure even within the direst circumstances. Inspecting particular sides of resilience and hope throughout the narrative reveals their significance and impression.

  • Dudie’s Unwavering Optimism

    Dudie’s persistent optimism, regardless of fixed setbacks, embodies the ability of hope to gasoline resilience. Going through eviction, unemployment, and starvation, she maintains a optimistic outlook, believing in her potential to seek out options and supply for her household. This unwavering hope, whereas typically seemingly naive, propels her ahead and evokes these round her. This resonates with historic accounts of people throughout the Melancholy who relied on hope to persevere by means of unimaginable hardships.

  • Lively Drawback-Fixing

    Dudie’s resilience manifests in her proactive strategy to problem-solving. She would not passively settle for hardship; she actively seeks options. Whether or not it is taking over odd jobs, looking for reasonably priced housing, or creatively stretching restricted sources, Dudie constantly demonstrates a capability to adapt and overcome obstacles. This resourceful nature displays a broader societal development throughout the Melancholy, the place people had been compelled to innovate and discover new methods to outlive.

  • Household as a Supply of Power

    The Malone household’s robust bonds present an important supply of resilience. They assist one another emotionally and virtually, sharing burdens and celebrating small victories. This familial community acts as a buffer in opposition to the cruel realities of the Melancholy, providing a way of belonging and stability in an unstable world. This emphasis on household displays the historic actuality of the period, the place kinship ties usually proved important for survival.

  • Hope for a Higher Future

    Underlying the narrative is a persistent hope for a greater future. Whereas the current is full of hardship, the characters keep a perception that their circumstances will finally enhance. This hope, though usually examined, sustains them by means of tough instances and motivates their continued efforts to beat adversity. This forward-looking perspective mirrors the broader societal sentiment of the period, reflecting a collective craving for financial restoration and a return to stability.

These intertwined parts of resilience and hope contribute considerably to the novel’s highly effective message. Dudie’s journey exemplifies the human capability to endure hardship whereas sustaining a perception in a brighter future. By exploring these themes, The Mighty Miss Malone presents a timeless testomony to the energy of the human spirit and the significance of hope in overcoming adversity. The novel’s enduring attraction lies in its potential to resonate with readers going through their very own challenges, reminding them of the ability of resilience and the enduring risk of hope, even within the darkest of instances.

6. Christopher Morley’s Prose

Christopher Morley’s distinctive prose considerably shapes the narrative and thematic impression of The Mighty Miss Malone. His writing type contributes to the novel’s emotional resonance, successfully conveying the realities of the Nice Melancholy whereas concurrently celebrating the resilience of the human spirit. Evaluation of Morley’s prose reveals key insights into his literary methods and their contribution to the novel’s enduring energy.

  • Accessibility and Readability

    Morley employs a transparent and accessible writing type, devoid of overly complicated vocabulary or convoluted sentence buildings. This enables the narrative to achieve a broad viewers, making certain the story’s themes of resilience and hope are readily understood. This accessibility additionally mirrors the simple nature of the protagonist, Dudie, and enhances the novel’s realism.

  • Evocative Imagery and Element

    Regardless of its simplicity, Morley’s prose is wealthy in evocative imagery and element. He paints vivid footage of Melancholy-era Brooklyn, from the bustling streets to the cramped tenements, immersing the reader within the setting. Exact particulars about on a regular basis life, similar to meals shortage and the challenges of discovering work, improve the novel’s historic authenticity and emotional impression.

  • Stability of Hardship and Humor

    Morley skillfully balances depictions of hardship with moments of humor and levity. This prevents the narrative from turning into overly bleak, providing glimpses of pleasure and resilience amidst the pervasive struggles of the period. This steadiness displays the human capability to seek out gentle even within the darkest of instances, a key theme of the novel.

  • Emphasis on Character Growth

    Morley’s prose focuses on character improvement, permitting readers to attach deeply with Dudie and her household. He achieves this by means of detailed descriptions of their ideas, emotions, and interactions. This emphasis on character interiority permits readers to know their motivations and empathize with their struggles, contributing to the novel’s emotional energy.

Morley’s prose, by means of its accessibility, evocative imagery, balanced tone, and give attention to character improvement, contributes considerably to the enduring impression of The Mighty Miss Malone. His writing type permits readers to attach with the characters and their experiences on a deeply emotional degree, amplifying the novel’s message of hope and resilience within the face of adversity. The readability and directness of his language make sure that the story’s timeless themes resonate with readers throughout generations, solidifying its place as a big work of historic fiction.

7. Social Commentary

The Mighty Miss Malone presents important social commentary on the Nice Melancholy’s impression on American households. The novel portrays the struggles of the Malone household, not as remoted incidents, however as consultant of broader societal points. Lack of employment, housing instability, and the fixed wrestle for primary requirements turn into emblematic of the widespread financial hardship confronted by numerous people throughout this period. The narrative implicitly critiques the societal buildings that contributed to this financial collapse and highlights the resilience of abnormal folks within the face of adversity.

The novel’s setting in Melancholy-era Brooklyn gives a selected context for this commentary. The depiction of Hoovervilles, breadlines, and the prevalence of poverty serves as a stark reminder of the Melancholy’s far-reaching penalties. Dudie’s experiences, whereas fictionalized, resonate with documented historic realities. For instance, her struggles to seek out and keep employment mirror the widespread unemployment charges of the time. The Malone household’s eventual eviction displays the widespread housing disaster that displaced many households. These real-life parallels add weight and authenticity to the novel’s social commentary, demonstrating how systemic points impacted particular person lives.

Understanding the social commentary embedded inside The Mighty Miss Malone enhances appreciation for its historic and literary significance. The novel strikes past a easy narrative of particular person hardship to supply a broader critique of societal buildings and their impression on susceptible populations. By exploring the Malone household’s struggles, readers acquire insights into the widespread challenges confronted by households throughout the Melancholy and the resilience demonstrated by people and communities within the face of financial adversity. This understanding fosters a deeper appreciation for the historic context of the period and encourages reflection on the continued relevance of those social points in modern society.

8. Historic Fiction

The Mighty Miss Malone stands as a major instance of historic fiction, a style that weaves fictional narratives inside actual historic contexts. The novel’s energy lies in its potential to move readers to Melancholy-era Brooklyn, providing a glimpse into the lives of abnormal folks grappling with extraordinary circumstances. Inspecting the interaction between historic accuracy and fictional storytelling reveals how The Mighty Miss Malone successfully makes use of the conventions of historic fiction to create a compelling and insightful narrative.

  • Setting and Context

    The novel meticulously recreates the setting of Nineteen Thirties Brooklyn, immersing readers within the sights, sounds, and social environment of the period. Particulars just like the prevalence of Hoovervilles, breadlines, and financial hardship floor the narrative in historic actuality. Actual-life occasions, such because the inventory market crash and widespread unemployment, type the backdrop in opposition to which the fictional story unfolds, offering context and authenticity.

  • Character Experiences

    Whereas the characters are fictional, their experiences resonate with documented historic realities. Dudie’s wrestle to seek out work, the household’s expertise with eviction, and their reliance on neighborhood assist mirror the challenges confronted by numerous people throughout the Melancholy. These relatable experiences enable readers to attach with the characters on an emotional degree and acquire a deeper understanding of the period’s impression on abnormal lives.

  • Social Commentary

    Historic fiction usually gives social commentary on the depicted interval. The Mighty Miss Malone subtly critiques the societal buildings that contributed to the financial disaster, highlighting the disparities between the rich and the impoverished. The novel additionally celebrates the resilience and resourcefulness of people and communities within the face of adversity, providing a nuanced perspective on the human impression of historic occasions.

  • Emotional Resonance

    By grounding the fictional narrative in historic actuality, The Mighty Miss Malone achieves a strong emotional resonance. The reader’s understanding of the period’s hardships amplifies the impression of the characters’ struggles, creating a way of empathy and connection. This emotional depth distinguishes historic fiction from purely fictional narratives, permitting readers to interact with the previous in a significant means.

The Mighty Miss Malone successfully makes use of the weather of historic fiction to create a compelling and insightful narrative concerning the Nice Melancholy’s impression on American households. The novels meticulous consideration to historic element, mixed with its relatable characters and highly effective emotional resonance, presents readers a glimpse right into a pivotal interval in American historical past. By exploring the intersection of historic accuracy and fictional storytelling, The Mighty Miss Malone transcends mere leisure and turns into a priceless device for understanding the previous and its enduring relevance to the current. It serves as a reminder of the human capability for resilience within the face of adversity and the significance of remembering and studying from historic experiences.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to The Mighty Miss Malone, offering additional readability and context for readers participating with the novel.

Query 1: What’s the central theme of The Mighty Miss Malone?

The central theme revolves round resilience within the face of adversity. The narrative explores how people and households navigate difficult circumstances, exemplified by the Malone household’s experiences throughout the Nice Melancholy. Their struggles with poverty, unemployment, and housing instability spotlight the significance of hope, resourcefulness, and familial bonds in overcoming tough instances.

Query 2: How does the setting of Melancholy-era Brooklyn affect the narrative?

The setting is integral to the story. Brooklyn within the Nineteen Thirties gives a selected historic and social context for the Malone household’s struggles. The widespread unemployment, poverty, and breadlines of the period immediately impression their lives, shaping their selections and highlighting the challenges confronted by numerous people throughout the Nice Melancholy.

Query 3: What makes Dudie Malone a compelling protagonist?

Dudie’s unwavering optimism and resourcefulness make her a compelling character. Regardless of going through quite a few setbacks, she maintains a optimistic outlook and actively seeks options to her household’s issues. Her dedication and fierce loyalty to her household resonate with readers, making her an emblem of resilience throughout difficult instances.

Query 4: How does the novel painting household relationships throughout instances of hardship?

The novel emphasizes the significance of household bonds in navigating adversity. The Malone household demonstrates unwavering assist and loyalty to at least one one other, sharing sacrifices and celebrating small victories. Their shared experiences strengthen their connection, highlighting the position of household as a supply of energy and stability throughout tough instances.

Query 5: What’s the significance of Christopher Morley’s writing type?

Morley’s accessible prose, mixed with evocative imagery and a steadiness of hardship and humor, permits readers to attach with the characters and their experiences on an emotional degree. His clear and direct language ensures the story’s themes of resilience and hope resonate with a broad viewers.

Query 6: Why is The Mighty Miss Malone thought-about a big work of historic fiction?

The novel successfully combines historic accuracy with compelling storytelling, providing priceless insights into the Nice Melancholy’s impression on American households. By exploring the Malone household’s struggles, readers acquire a deeper understanding of the period’s social and financial realities, making the novel a priceless useful resource for each historic and literary research.

These responses present a deeper understanding of the important thing parts that contribute to the novel’s enduring energy. By addressing widespread questions, readers can interact with The Mighty Miss Malone on a extra knowledgeable and significant degree.

Additional exploration would possibly think about essential analyses of the novel, its place inside American literature, or its continued relevance in modern society. Such investigations can present further views on the work’s literary and historic significance.

Ideas for Navigating Adversity Impressed by The Mighty Miss Malone

Drawing inspiration from the narrative, the following pointers provide sensible methods for navigating difficult circumstances with resilience and hope, very similar to the protagonist, Dudie Malone.

Tip 1: Domesticate a Proactive Mindset: Moderately than passively accepting setbacks, emulate Dudie’s proactive strategy to problem-solving. Determine potential options, discover out there sources, and take decisive motion. This proactive mindset empowers people to take management of their circumstances, fostering a way of company even throughout tough instances.

Tip 2: Embrace Resourcefulness: Resourcefulness thrives within the face of limitations. Maximize out there sources, whether or not tangible or intangible, by means of inventive pondering and adaptableness. Like Dudie’s ingenuity in stretching meager meals, discover progressive options to beat obstacles and profit from restricted alternatives.

Tip 3: Nurture Supportive Relationships: Sturdy assist networks present essential emotional and sensible help throughout difficult instances. Cultivating and sustaining wholesome relationships with household, mates, and neighborhood members creates a security internet, mirroring the Malone household’s reliance on one another for energy and encouragement.

Tip 4: Keep a Optimistic Outlook: Hope, like Dudie’s unwavering optimism, fuels resilience. Give attention to potential optimistic outcomes, even amidst adversity, to keep up motivation and perseverance. A optimistic outlook empowers people to strategy challenges with a way of goal and reinforces the idea in a brighter future.

Tip 5: Prioritize Self-Care: Navigating adversity requires self-care to keep up bodily and emotional well-being. Prioritize wholesome habits, similar to enough relaxation, correct diet, and stress-reducing actions, to construct resilience and handle the challenges of inauspicious conditions.

Tip 6: Be taught from Setbacks: View setbacks as alternatives for development and studying. Analyze challenges, establish potential areas for enchancment, and modify methods accordingly. This adaptive strategy fosters resilience and equips people with priceless abilities for navigating future obstacles.

Tip 7: Rejoice Small Victories: Acknowledging and celebrating small achievements, even amidst bigger challenges, reinforces a way of progress and boosts morale. These small victories contribute to a optimistic suggestions loop, encouraging continued effort and fostering resilience within the face of ongoing adversity.

These methods, impressed by the novel’s portrayal of resilience, empower people to navigate difficult circumstances with better hope and effectiveness. By cultivating a proactive mindset, embracing resourcefulness, nurturing supportive relationships, sustaining a optimistic outlook, prioritizing self-care, studying from setbacks, and celebrating small victories, people can develop the energy and resilience wanted to beat adversity and construct a extra hopeful future.

Reflecting on the following pointers together with the narrative’s exploration of resilience and hope throughout the Nice Melancholy presents priceless insights into the enduring energy of the human spirit.

Conclusion

This exploration of Christopher Morley’s 1933 novel has delved into its multifaceted nature, inspecting its historic context, literary methods, and enduring themes. The narrative’s depiction of Melancholy-era Brooklyn gives a poignant backdrop for the Malone household’s struggles, highlighting the widespread financial hardship and social upheaval of the time. Dudie Malone’s resourcefulness, unwavering optimism, and fierce loyalty to her household function a strong testomony to the human capability for resilience within the face of adversity. Morley’s accessible prose, wealthy in evocative imagery and balanced with moments of humor, permits these themes to resonate deeply with readers. The novel’s exploration of household bonds, sacrifice, and the enduring energy of hope presents priceless insights into the human expertise throughout instances of disaster.

The Mighty Miss Malone stands as a big work of historic fiction, providing a timeless message of hope and resilience. Its exploration of common themes continues to resonate with modern readers, reminding them of the significance of neighborhood, perseverance, and the enduring energy of the human spirit. Additional exploration of Melancholy-era literature and historic accounts can present a deeper understanding of this pivotal interval and its lasting impression on society. The novel serves as a strong reminder of the significance of empathy, compassion, and the enduring energy of hope in navigating difficult circumstances.