8+ HR Giger Art Books: Definitive Guide & Collection


8+ HR Giger Art Books: Definitive Guide & Collection

Publications devoted to the works of H.R. Giger, the Swiss surrealist artist, provide a visible journey into his distinctive biomechanical and infrequently disturbing inventive universe. These volumes usually showcase a curated assortment of his work, sculptures, movie designs, and different inventive endeavors, offering a complete overview of his prolific profession. An instance could be a monograph that includes high-quality reproductions of his paintings alongside essential essays analyzing his themes and influences.

These curated collections function helpful assets for artwork lovers, students, and anybody eager about exploring the darker realms of human creativeness. They supply insights into Giger’s inventive course of, the evolution of his distinctive fashion, and his influence on in style tradition, significantly by way of his contributions to movie, equivalent to his iconic design work for the “Alien” franchise. Moreover, these books protect and have a good time Giger’s inventive legacy, making certain his disturbing but compelling imaginative and prescient stays accessible and continues to encourage future generations of artists and creatives.

This exploration of Giger’s inventive output by way of devoted publications naturally results in deeper investigations of particular themes current inside his work, such because the interaction of know-how and flesh, the exploration of dream imagery, and the artist’s advanced relationship with demise and decay. The next sections will delve into these key motifs, offering an in depth evaluation of their significance inside Giger’s oeuvre.

1. Visible Explorations

Visible explorations type the core of any publication devoted to H.R. Giger’s work. These explorations present essentially the most direct engagement together with his inventive output, permitting viewers to expertise the visceral influence of his biomechanical aesthetic. Excessive-quality reproductions are essential for capturing the intricate particulars and delicate nuances of his work, sculptures, and design work. The association and curation of those visuals throughout the e book contribute considerably to the general understanding and appreciation of Giger’s oeuvre.

  • Excessive-Constancy Reproductions

    Correct representations of Giger’s work are paramount. The printing course of should seize the delicate gradations of tone and texture current in his airbrushed work and the metallic sheen of his sculptures. Examples embody detailed close-ups of work like Necronom IV and Biomechanoid, showcasing the high-quality element of his method. These high-fidelity reproductions enable viewers to understand the complexity of his creations, which are sometimes misplaced in lower-quality reproductions.

  • Curatorial Selections

    The choice and association of paintings throughout the e book affect the narrative introduced about Giger’s profession and inventive growth. A chronological strategy would possibly hint the evolution of his biomechanical fashion, whereas a thematic group would possibly group works exploring related motifs like delivery, demise, or the fusion of flesh and machine. The inclusion of lesser-known items alongside iconic works offers a extra complete view of his inventive vary.

  • Structure and Design

    The e book’s structure, together with web page composition, typography, and use of white area, performs a vital function in presenting Giger’s work successfully. A well-designed structure enhances the paintings, enhancing its visible influence and facilitating a deeper engagement with the fabric. For instance, utilizing darkish backgrounds can spotlight the ethereal high quality of Giger’s work, whereas beneficiant white area can create a way of isolation and otherworldliness.

  • Supplementary Materials

    Inclusion of sketches, preparatory drawings, and behind-the-scenes pictures of Giger’s studio and work course of can enrich the visible exploration. These supplementary supplies provide glimpses into his inventive course of and supply helpful context for understanding the ultimate paintings. As an example, early sketches for the “Alien” creature designs provide fascinating insights into the evolution of those iconic biomechanical types.

By way of cautious consideration to those visible parts, publications devoted to H.R. Giger’s work provide a robust and immersive expertise, bringing the reader into direct contact with the disturbing magnificence and complex element of his inventive imaginative and prescient. The visible explorations function the inspiration upon which a deeper understanding of Giger’s themes, influences, and influence will be constructed.

2. Biographical Insights

Biographical insights inside an H.R. Giger artwork e book present important context for understanding his disturbing but fascinating inventive imaginative and prescient. His life experiences, significantly his childhood fascinations with anatomy, demise, and the unconscious, profoundly formed his inventive growth. Understanding these influences permits for a deeper appreciation of the recurring motifs and thematic issues current all through his work. For instance, his early publicity to Egyptian mummies and anatomical fashions in his father’s pharmacy is usually cited as a key affect on his fascination with the human physique and its potential for transformation and decay. Equally, his documented struggles with night time terrors and his exploration of those experiences by way of artwork provide insights into the nightmarish high quality of his creations.

The inclusion of biographical particulars illuminates the advanced relationship between Giger’s life and his artwork. Exploring his private historical past, relationships, and mental influences offers a framework for deciphering the symbolism and psychological undercurrents inside his work. As an example, his tumultuous romantic relationships, usually marked by intense feelings and tragic outcomes, are mirrored within the themes of affection, loss, and eroticism that permeate his artwork. Moreover, his curiosity in psychoanalysis and the writings of Carl Jung provides one other layer of interpretation, suggesting a deeper exploration of the unconscious and the archetypes of the human psyche.

Finally, incorporating biographical insights enhances the general understanding and appreciation of H.R. Giger’s work. It connects the artist’s private experiences to the recurring themes and visible motifs current in his artwork, providing a extra nuanced and knowledgeable perspective. By understanding the life behind the artwork, viewers acquire a deeper appreciation for the complexities and contradictions that make Giger’s work so compelling and enduring. This biographical context enriches the expertise of participating together with his artwork, remodeling a purely visible encounter right into a extra significant exploration of the artist’s psyche and the inventive course of.

3. Important Analyses

Important analyses present a vital framework for deciphering the advanced and multifaceted work of H.R. Giger. These analyses, usually included in devoted publications, discover the recurring themes, symbolic language, and inventive influences that form his distinctive biomechanical aesthetic. By inspecting the interaction of biographical context, inventive methods, and cultural influences, essential analyses provide helpful insights into the which means and significance of Giger’s artwork. For instance, exploring the recurring motif of the biomechanical fusion of flesh and machine requires an evaluation of Giger’s anxieties about know-how and its potential influence on humanity. This evaluation would possibly draw on modern anxieties about industrialization and the dehumanizing results of technological progress, contextualizing Giger’s work inside broader cultural and philosophical debates.

Moreover, essential analyses usually situate Giger’s work throughout the broader context of artwork historical past, drawing connections to Surrealism, Symbolism, and different related inventive actions. Exploring these connections illuminates the mental and inventive lineage that informs Giger’s distinctive imaginative and prescient. As an example, evaluating Giger’s biomechanical types to the dreamlike landscapes of Salvador Dali highlights the shared curiosity in exploring the unconscious and the unsettling facets of the human psyche. Equally, analyzing Giger’s use of symbolic imagery, equivalent to skulls, fetuses, and mechanical apparatuses, can reveal deeper layers of which means associated to delivery, demise, and the human situation. This evaluation will be additional enriched by inspecting Giger’s personal writings and interviews, which offer helpful insights into his inventive intentions and private philosophy.

Finally, essential analyses enrich the understanding and appreciation of H.R. Giger’s artwork by offering interpretive frameworks and contextualizing his work inside broader inventive, cultural, and historic discourses. They provide a deeper engagement with Giger’s inventive imaginative and prescient, shifting past purely aesthetic appreciation to discover the advanced layers of which means embedded inside his creations. The inclusion of essential analyses inside devoted publications elevates these books from mere collections of photographs to helpful assets for students, artwork lovers, and anybody looking for a deeper understanding of this advanced and influential artist. These analyses encourage continued exploration and dialogue, making certain Giger’s legacy as a big determine in twentieth and Twenty first-century artwork.

4. Thematic Research

Thematic research play a vital function in understanding the depth and complexity of H.R. Giger’s work as introduced in devoted artwork books. These research provide centered explorations of recurring motifs and symbolic language, offering interpretive frameworks for deciphering the artist’s distinctive visible vocabulary. By inspecting particular themes, such because the biomechanical, the erotic, and the macabre, these research unlock deeper layers of which means inside Giger’s oeuvre and illuminate the connections between his artwork and his private experiences, philosophical pursuits, and cultural context.

  • Biomechanical Fusion

    The fusion of flesh and machine stands as a central theme in Giger’s work, reflecting anxieties about know-how, industrialization, and the dehumanizing potential of progress. This thematic exploration usually connects Giger’s artwork to broader cultural anxieties concerning the blurring boundaries between people and machines, as exemplified by the dystopian visions current in science fiction literature and movie. Inside the context of an artwork e book, inspecting this theme permits for a deeper understanding of the intricate particulars and symbolic which means embedded inside Giger’s biomechanical creations, equivalent to his iconic designs for the movie Alien.

  • Eroticism and Demise

    Giger’s work usually explores the advanced interaction between eroticism and demise, presenting a disturbing but fascinating imaginative and prescient of human sexuality intertwined with themes of mortality and decay. These thematic research usually join Giger’s artwork to the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Jung, exploring the unconscious drives and anxieties that form human need and concern. Inside an artwork e book, inspecting this theme permits for a deeper understanding of the psychological undercurrents current in Giger’s work, revealing the symbolic significance of recurring motifs equivalent to skulls, fetuses, and sexualized biomechanical types.

  • Desires and Nightmares

    Giger’s documented struggles with night time terrors and his fascination with dream imagery present a wealthy thematic vein for exploration inside his artwork books. These research usually delve into the psychological and symbolic significance of dream imagery, connecting Giger’s inventive creations to the realm of the unconscious and the exploration of primal fears and needs. Examples inside an artwork e book would possibly embody analyses of work like Panorama XIX and Li II, which depict dreamlike landscapes populated by biomechanical figures and unsettling architectural buildings.

  • Architectural and Environmental Visions

    Giger’s work extends past particular person figures and objects to embody complete architectural and environmental visions, creating unsettling and otherworldly landscapes. Thematic research exploring this facet of his work usually join his inventive creations to broader anxieties about city decay, environmental degradation, and the alienating results of contemporary structure. Inside an artwork e book, inspecting this theme provides insights into Giger’s creation of immersive and psychologically charged environments, exemplified by his designs for the Harkonnen furnishings within the movie Dune.

These thematic explorations, when introduced inside a devoted artwork e book, present a complete framework for understanding the depth and complexity of Giger’s inventive imaginative and prescient. By connecting particular themes to broader cultural, philosophical, and psychological contexts, these research improve the viewer’s appreciation for the intricate particulars, symbolic language, and enduring energy of Giger’s artwork. Moreover, they encourage continued exploration and interpretation, making certain the continued relevance and fascination with Giger’s distinctive and disturbing inventive legacy.

5. Affect on Artwork

H.R. Giger’s profound affect on artwork, significantly throughout the realms of fantasy, horror, and science fiction, is extensively documented and explored inside devoted artwork books. These publications function helpful assets for understanding the breadth and depth of his influence, showcasing how his biomechanical aesthetic and thematic explorations have permeated varied inventive disciplines. Analyzing this affect offers essential context for appreciating the enduring legacy of Giger’s work and its ongoing resonance inside modern artwork.

  • Biomechanical Aesthetics

    Giger’s distinctive biomechanical fashion, characterised by the fusion of natural and mechanical types, has grow to be a recognizable visible language inside varied artwork types. Artwork books devoted to Giger usually showcase examples of artists who’ve adopted and tailored his biomechanical aesthetic, demonstrating his influence on the visible panorama of up to date artwork. These examples would possibly embody album covers, illustrations, sculptures, and different inventive mediums that bear the unmistakable mark of Giger’s affect, highlighting the pervasiveness of his biomechanical imaginative and prescient.

  • Darkish Fantasy and Horror

    Giger’s exploration of darkish, surreal, and infrequently disturbing themes has considerably influenced artists working throughout the genres of fantasy and horror. Artwork books exploring his affect usually spotlight how his work has formed the visible language of horror, impacting creature design, character growth, and environmental aesthetics. Examples would possibly embody comparisons between Giger’s creature designs and people present in modern horror movies, video video games, and graphic novels, illustrating his influence on the visible vocabulary of concern and the macabre.

  • Science Fiction and Cyberpunk

    Giger’s biomechanical aesthetic and dystopian visions have resonated deeply throughout the realms of science fiction and cyberpunk. Artwork books devoted to his work usually discover how his designs have formed the visible illustration of futuristic applied sciences, alien life types, and dystopian societies. Examples would possibly embody analyses of Giger’s affect on the cyberpunk motion, highlighting the shared curiosity in exploring the anxieties and potentialities of technological development and its influence on human id and social buildings.

  • Album Artwork and Music Tradition

    Giger’s influence extends past the visible arts to embody music tradition, significantly throughout the genres of steel and industrial music. Devoted artwork books usually showcase examples of album covers that includes Giger’s paintings or designs impressed by his biomechanical aesthetic. These examples spotlight Giger’s affect on the visible id of varied musical artists and subcultures, demonstrating his capacity to evoke particular moods and atmospheres by way of his artwork. This connection to music additional amplifies his cultural attain and solidifies his standing as a big determine in modern artwork and in style tradition.

By inspecting these sides of Giger’s affect, artwork books devoted to his work present a complete understanding of his influence on the broader inventive panorama. These explorations provide helpful insights into the enduring legacy of Giger’s biomechanical aesthetic and thematic issues, solidifying his place as a pivotal determine in modern artwork and demonstrating the continued resonance of his disturbing but fascinating imaginative and prescient inside varied inventive disciplines. The documentation of his affect additional underscores the significance of those publications as important assets for anybody looking for a deeper understanding of Giger’s work and its lasting influence on inventive expression.

6. Affect on Cinema

H.R. Giger’s influence on cinema, significantly throughout the science fiction and horror genres, represents a big facet explored inside devoted artwork books. These publications usually analyze the profound affect of his biomechanical aesthetic and thematic issues on movie design, creature creation, and the general visible language of cinematic storytelling. An important hyperlink exists between these books and Giger’s cinematic work, as they supply helpful context and behind-the-scenes insights into his inventive course of for movie initiatives, most notably his iconic design work for the Alien franchise. Artwork books devoted to Giger usually function idea artwork, sketches, and different preparatory supplies associated to his movie work. These supplies provide a glimpse into the evolution of his designs, from preliminary sketches to completed merchandise, offering a deeper understanding of his inventive course of and the challenges of translating his distinctive imaginative and prescient to the display screen. This connection between the artwork books and Giger’s movie work is crucial for understanding the sensible software of his inventive abilities throughout the cinematic context.

Moreover, these publications discover the broader influence of Giger’s aesthetic on the visible panorama of science fiction and horror movies. They usually analyze how his biomechanical fashion has influenced subsequent creature designs, set designs, and general visible atmospheres in movies past his direct involvement. For instance, the affect of Giger’s work will be seen in movies like Species, Prometheus, and even within the visible aesthetics of video video games and different media. By inspecting these broader influences, artwork books devoted to Giger present a complete understanding of his lasting influence on the visible language of cinema and in style tradition. This evaluation extends past easy stylistic imitation to discover how Giger’s thematic issues, such because the fusion of flesh and machine and the exploration of darkish, surreal imagery, have formed the narrative and visible landscapes of quite a few movies. The inclusion of movie stills, manufacturing pictures, and commentary from filmmakers additional enriches this evaluation, offering a number of views on Giger’s cinematic contributions.

In conclusion, devoted artwork books function essential assets for understanding the advanced relationship between Giger’s inventive apply and his influence on cinema. They bridge the hole between his studio work and its sensible software throughout the movie trade, providing helpful insights into his inventive course of, the technical challenges of translating his imaginative and prescient to the display screen, and the broader affect of his biomechanical aesthetic on the visible language of movie. This understanding enriches the appreciation of each Giger’s inventive oeuvre and the movies he influenced, highlighting the numerous contribution of his distinctive imaginative and prescient to the world of cinema and in style tradition. The exploration of Gigers cinematic work inside these publications reinforces the worth of those books as important assets for movie students, artwork lovers, and anybody within the intersection of artwork and movie. They provide a multi-faceted perspective on Giger’s legacy, showcasing his influence not solely as a visible artist but in addition as a big contributor to the evolution of cinematic storytelling.

7. Gathering Worth

The gathering worth of H.R. Giger artwork books represents a big facet of their general attraction and contributes to the broader marketplace for Giger-related memorabilia. A number of components affect the worth of those publications, together with rarity, version dimension, situation, content material, and provenance. Restricted version releases, particularly these signed or containing authentic paintings, usually command larger costs because of their shortage. Equally, first editions and books in pristine situation are typically extra wanted by collectors. Content material additionally performs a vital function; books that includes uncommon or unpublished paintings, complete biographical info, or insightful essential analyses have a tendency to carry larger worth. Provenance, or the documented historical past of possession, can additional improve a e book’s worth, significantly if it has been beforehand owned by a notable determine within the artwork world or somebody related to Giger himself. As an example, a primary version copy of Necronomicon, signed by Giger and beforehand owned by a outstanding artwork collector, would possible command a big worth within the collector’s market. Conversely, a later printing of the identical e book in common situation would maintain a decrease worth.

Understanding these components permits collectors to make knowledgeable selections about buying and valuing Giger-related publications. The marketplace for these books usually displays the broader traits throughout the artwork and collectibles market, influenced by components equivalent to demand, availability, and the general recognition of Giger’s inventive legacy. Moreover, the gathering worth of those books contributes to the preservation and appreciation of Giger’s work, making certain its continued availability for future generations of artwork lovers and students. The act of gathering these publications serves not solely as a monetary funding but in addition as a contribution to the preservation of Giger’s inventive legacy. By buying and preserving these books, collectors play a significant function in making certain the accessibility of Giger’s work and supporting the continued scholarship and appreciation of his contributions to artwork and in style tradition. This energetic participation within the preservation of Giger’s work provides one other layer of significance to the gathering worth of those publications.

The intersection of inventive benefit and market worth presents a posh dynamic throughout the realm of Giger-related publications. Whereas the inventive worth of Giger’s work stays intrinsic, the market worth of related books fluctuates based mostly on exterior components. Recognizing the interaction between these two values offers a complete understanding of the gathering marketplace for Giger artwork books. This understanding permits collectors to navigate the market successfully, making knowledgeable selections based mostly on each inventive appreciation and potential funding worth. Finally, the gathering worth of Giger artwork books underscores the enduring fascination together with his work and its enduring place throughout the broader cultural panorama.

8. Preserving Legacy

Publications devoted to the work of H.R. Giger play a vital function in preserving his inventive legacy. These books perform as repositories of his inventive output, safeguarding his distinctive imaginative and prescient for future generations. They provide a tangible technique of accessing Giger’s artwork, making certain its availability past the confines of museums and personal collections. This accessibility fosters continued scholarship, essential evaluation, and inventive inspiration, stopping Giger’s work from fading into obscurity. For instance, the publication and continued availability of books like H.R. Giger’s Necronomicon and Biomechanics make sure that his distinctive biomechanical aesthetic and thematic explorations stay accessible to a large viewers, fostering ongoing engagement together with his work.

Moreover, these publications usually embody archival supplies, equivalent to sketches, preparatory drawings, and behind-the-scenes pictures, which provide helpful insights into Giger’s inventive course of. This documentation offers a deeper understanding of his inventive growth and the evolution of his biomechanical fashion. By preserving these supplies, the books contribute to a extra complete understanding of Giger’s inventive apply and the context surrounding his creations. The inclusion of essays, interviews, and important analyses inside these publications additional contributes to the preservation of his legacy by offering interpretive frameworks and contextualizing his work inside broader inventive and cultural actions. This scholarly engagement ensures that Giger’s artwork stays a topic of ongoing dialogue and evaluation, solidifying its place inside artwork historical past.

In conclusion, the preservation of H.R. Giger’s inventive legacy depends considerably on the continued publication and availability of devoted artwork books. These books serve not solely as visible data of his inventive output but in addition as helpful assets for scholarly analysis, essential evaluation, and inventive inspiration. They make sure the accessibility of Giger’s work, fostering continued engagement together with his distinctive biomechanical aesthetic and thematic explorations, finally solidifying his place as a big determine in twentieth and Twenty first-century artwork. The continued publication and dissemination of those books, due to this fact, symbolize a vital funding within the preservation of Giger’s inventive legacy for future generations.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to publications devoted to the paintings of H.R. Giger.

Query 1: The place can one purchase publications showcasing Giger’s work?

Such publications are sometimes obtainable by way of varied channels, together with on-line booksellers, specialised artwork e book retailers, museum retailers, and public sale homes. Availability might range relying on the particular publication and its version.

Query 2: What worth vary ought to one anticipate for these publications?

Costs range considerably based mostly on components like rarity, version, situation, and content material. Frequent editions could be comparatively inexpensive, whereas restricted editions or these signed by the artist can command considerably larger costs.

Query 3: Do these books usually embody biographical details about the artist?

Many publications devoted to Giger’s work embody biographical info, providing helpful context for understanding his inventive growth and the influences that formed his distinctive imaginative and prescient.

Query 4: Are there publications specializing in particular facets of Giger’s work, equivalent to his movie designs?

Sure, specialised publications exist that target particular facets of Giger’s profession, together with his movie work, album cowl designs, and different inventive endeavors. These provide in-depth explorations of specific themes and initiatives.

Query 5: What makes these publications helpful past their visible content material?

Past the paintings itself, these books usually comprise helpful insights into Giger’s inventive course of, together with sketches, preparatory work, and important analyses that enrich the understanding of his inventive intentions and influences.

Query 6: How do these publications contribute to preserving Giger’s inventive legacy?

These publications play a vital function in preserving Giger’s legacy by documenting his inventive output, offering scholarly analyses, and making certain the accessibility of his work for future generations of artists, students, and lovers.

Understanding these facets offers a extra complete appreciation for the worth and significance of publications devoted to the work of H.R. Giger. These assets provide an unparalleled alternative to discover the depth and complexity of his inventive imaginative and prescient.

Additional exploration of particular themes and influences inside Giger’s work will observe in subsequent sections.

Suggestions for Partaking with Giger’s Work By way of Publications

The following tips present steering for a deeper appreciation of H.R. Giger’s inventive imaginative and prescient by way of devoted publications.

Tip 1: Prioritize Respected Sources: Search publications from established publishers and authors identified for his or her experience in artwork and Giger’s work particularly. This ensures accuracy and insightful evaluation. Examples embody books revealed by respected artwork presses or these authored by acknowledged Giger students.

Tip 2: Think about the Ebook’s Focus: Totally different publications might emphasize particular facets of Giger’s profession, equivalent to his movie work, work, or sculptures. Choose books aligning with particular pursuits for a extra centered exploration.

Tip 3: Look at Printing High quality: Giger’s work depends on delicate particulars and tonal variations. Excessive-quality printing is essential for precisely representing his artwork. Search for books with high-resolution photographs printed on high quality paper.

Tip 4: Discover Supplementary Supplies: Books containing sketches, preparatory work, and behind-the-scenes pictures present helpful insights into Giger’s inventive course of and inventive growth. These supplies enrich understanding and appreciation.

Tip 5: Learn Important Analyses: Interact with the essential essays and analyses usually included in these publications. These provide interpretive frameworks and contextual info, deepening understanding of Giger’s work.

Tip 6: Cross-Reference Info: Seek the advice of a number of publications to achieve a broader perspective and keep away from relying solely on a single interpretation. This comparative strategy enhances understanding of Giger’s multifaceted oeuvre.

Tip 7: Join with Different Fans: Be a part of on-line boards, attend exhibitions, or take part in discussions with different Giger lovers to share insights and deepen appreciation for his work. This fosters a way of neighborhood and encourages deeper exploration.

Tip 8: Go to Museums and Galleries: When attainable, expertise Giger’s paintings firsthand in museums or galleries. This direct encounter offers a novel perspective and enhances the insights gained from publications.

By following the following pointers, one can maximize the advantages of participating with Giger’s artwork by way of devoted publications, gaining a deeper understanding and appreciation for his distinctive imaginative and prescient. These practices encourage a extra knowledgeable and enriching expertise, fostering continued exploration and dialogue of Giger’s enduring inventive legacy.

The following concluding remarks will synthesize the important thing insights introduced all through this exploration of H.R. Giger’s artwork books and their significance.

Conclusion

Publications devoted to the artwork of H.R. Giger function important assets for exploring the depth and complexity of his inventive imaginative and prescient. These books present a complete overview of his profession, showcasing his biomechanical aesthetic, recurring themes, and affect on artwork, cinema, and in style tradition. By way of high-quality reproductions, biographical insights, essential analyses, and thematic research, these publications provide invaluable context for understanding the disturbing but fascinating energy of Giger’s work. Moreover, they play a vital function in preserving his inventive legacy, making certain its accessibility for future generations of artists, students, and lovers.

The exploration of Giger’s artwork by way of devoted publications provides a journey into the darker recesses of the human creativeness. His work continues to impress, problem, and encourage, prompting reflection on the advanced interaction between humanity, know-how, and the unconscious. Continued engagement with these publications ensures the enduring relevance and appreciation of Giger’s distinctive and unsettling contribution to the world of artwork.